Baby Born Swimming Doll How Does It Work

Fashion doll brand by Mattel

Barbie
Barbie Logo.svg
First appearance March 9, 1959; 63 years ago  (1959-03-09)
Created by Ruth Handler
In-universe information
Full name Barbara Millicent Roberts
Nickname Barbie
Occupation See: Barbie's careers
Family Meet: List of Barbie's friends and family

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured past the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an of import office of the toy fashion doll market for over sixty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and almost assisting line.[ane]

The Barbie doll brand has expanded into a media franchise, including a long-running series of animated films that began in 2001. From 2002 to 2017, the films were aired regularly on the Nickelodeon cable channel.[2]

Barbie and her swain Ken take been described as ii most popular dolls in the world.[three] The doll has transformed the toy concern in flush communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the auction of related merchandise (accessories, clothes, friends of Barbie, etc.). Writing for Journal of Popular Culture in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a pregnant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life-mode that tin can be shared with affluent friends.[4]

Sales of Barbie dolls started to decline sharply from 2014 to 2016.[1] In 2020, Mattel sold $i.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales growth in 2 decades. This is an increment from the $950 million the make sold during 2017.[v]

History

The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9, 1959.

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she ofttimes enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could exist a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic almost the idea, equally were Mattel'south directors.[6]

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came beyond a German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[7] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in heed, then she purchased three of them. She gave i to her daughter and took the others dorsum to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character actualization in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not to a higher place using men to get it. The Lilli doll was showtime sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became pop with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.[8]

Upon her render to the United states of america, Handler redesigned the doll (with assist from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's girl Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York City on March 9, 1959.[9] This date is besides used every bit Barbie's official birthday.

The start Barbie doll wore a black-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was bachelor every bit either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed equally a "Teen-historic period Mode Model", with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The kickoff Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their dress hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Effectually 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.[10]

Louis Marx and Visitor sued Mattel in March 1961. Later licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli's hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct have-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself every bit having originated the blueprint". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600.[11] [12]

Ruth Handler believed that information technology was important for Barbie to have an developed advent, and early market place inquiry showed that some parents were unhappy most the doll's breast, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, almost notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adapted to wait forrad rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would be the terminal improvement Ruth would make to her own creation equally, three years later, she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports.[13]

Barbie was one of the offset toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely past other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel challenge that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[xiv]

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately i/6 scale, which is besides known as playscale.[15] The standard dolls are approximately xi½ inches tall.

Appearances in media/multimedia franchises

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, Barbie-branded products included non only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a big range of branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics, and video games. Barbie has had a multimedia franchise starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001, when she began appearing in a serial of calculator-animated films[16] which were distributed on habitation video/straight-to-video formats, and since 2013, on Blu-ray, likewise as ambulation on the American Nickelodeon cable aqueduct and its global channel versions) until 2017.[2]

Equally of 2013, the Barbie directly-to-video films have sold over 110 one thousand thousand units worldwide.[17] Earlier the films, the brand had ii idiot box specials released in 1987 in response to the rise in digital media at that fourth dimension; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and Barbie and the Sensations: Rockin' Back to Earth, besides equally inspiring a hit europop trip the light fantastic toe song, "Barbie Girl" (1997) by Aqua. She was also a supporting character in the Kelly Dream Club TV series which aired in 2002, the My Scene films, Pixar's Toy Story films; specifically Toy Story two and Toy Story 3, and Dreamtopia, which focuses on the adventures of her little sister, Chelsea.

Legacy and influence

Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy earth. In 1974, a section of Times Foursquare in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors too as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie.[eighteen]

In 1986, the creative person Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie's, London for $i.1 one thousand thousand. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation and so teamed upwards with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.[19] [20]

Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in diverse settings.[21] Carbee was the bailiwick of the characteristic-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee'southward collage fine art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section most visuals artists who take been inspired by Barbie.[22]

In 2013, in Taiwan, the get-go Barbie-themed eatery called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.[23]

The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination:

From her early days every bit a teenage fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, TV news reporter, vet, rock star, doc, army officer, air strength pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (political party undefined), baseball player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more than. ... When Barbie starting time burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll marketplace consisted more often than not of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to get anything they want.[24]

On September 7, 2021, post-obit the debut of the streaming tv set picture Barbie: Large Metropolis, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Accolade-nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and extra Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an organization dedicated to expanding the female person presence of music producers, DJs and sound engineers – to inspire more than girls to explore a future in music production.[25] [26] [27]

50th anniversary

In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a track evidence in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Mode Week.[28] The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[29] [thirty]

Fictional biography

Further information and

Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random Business firm in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[31] [32] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the Generation Girl books, published past Golden Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High Schoolhouse in New York City (based on the existent-life Stuyvesant Loftier School).[33]

She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken ("Ken Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in Feb 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up,[34] but in Feb 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.[35] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie's angel back.[36] The pair officially reunited in Valentine's Solar day 2011.[37] As at the release of Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, the pair are seen as just friends or next-door neighbours.

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pinkish Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot'due south license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight bellboy. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women tin can accept on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988), and Nascar Barbie (1998).

Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie'due south boyfriend). Barbie'south siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin blood brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[38]

Controversies

Body image

From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic trunk prototype to girls."[39]

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a office model and will attempt to emulate her. I of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of torso epitome for a young adult female, leading to a take chances that girls who attempt to emulate her volition become anorexic. Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls accept been connected to some eating disorders in children.[40] [41] [42] [43]

A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches at one/6 scale. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). Co-ordinate to enquiry by the University Key Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 per centum body fat required for a adult female to menstruate.[44] In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled How to Lose Weight which advised: "Don't eat!".[45] The same book was included in some other ensemble called "Sleep Party" in 1965 forth with a pink bathroom scale permanently gear up at 110 lbs.,[45] which would be around 35 lbs. underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches tall.[46] Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her dress, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.[47] In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel maxim that this would make the doll ameliorate suited to contemporary style designs.[48] [49]

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new body types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention[l] [51] [52] and even made the cover of Time magazine with the headline "Now Can We Terminate Talking About My Body?".[53] Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a The states size 4 in clothing,[fifty] some children reportedly regarded her as "fat".[53] [54] The doll's reception past adults was likewise politicized, with tensions between feminists who suggested the doll was too thin to exist considered "curvy" and conservatives who claimed information technology was a "frumpy thunderthigh-sporting [...] product of a social justice warrior's fantasies."[55]

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "tall and petite" dolls, the company has been offering more dolls prepare to more realistic standards in order to assistance promote a positive body epitome.[56]

Diversity

Complaints likewise point to a lack of multifariousness in the line.[57] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, information technology produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the earth. For case, in 2007, it introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled cherry, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). Hispanic magazine reports that:

[O]ne of the nearly dramatic developments in Barbie's history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, hair colors and pare tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Amongst these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She too has had shut Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.[58]

More recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to one that is more believing in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.[59]

"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the outset African American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing caput molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is normally regarded as Christie, who fabricated her debut in 1968.[sixty] [61] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 just yet had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African American children and parents, early babyhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, pare tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes looked different, simply the proportions were the same to ensure vesture and accessories were interchangeable.[62] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the And then In Manner range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African American people than previous dolls.[63] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include 7 skin tones, twenty-two heart colors, and 20-four hairstyles. Function of the reason for this change was due to failing sales.[64]

Mattel teamed upward with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed every bit someone with whom young girls could play subsequently class and share "America's favorite cookie". Equally had become the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a blackness version. Critics argued that in the African American community, Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the exterior and white on the inside", similar the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making information technology sought after past collectors.[65]

In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smiling Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-twelvemonth-old high school educatee in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the hereafter to accommodate the doll.[66] [67]

In 2010, Barbie has too been criticized for a children's volume called Barbie: I Can Exist A Computer Engineer, which portrayed Barbie as a game designer who was not technically sophisticated and needed boys' help to do game programming. The company and then promptly responded to criticism on gender role stereotypes by redesigning a "Estimator Engineer Barbie" who was a game programmer rather than designer.[68]

Since 1980, when Mattel introduced the first Black Barbie, the make now offers over 22 pare tones, 94 hair colors, xiii center colors and five body types.[5]

Bad influence concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including "Will nosotros ever have enough apparel?", "I dearest shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). 1 of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!", which led to criticism from the American Association of University Women; nearly i.v% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a bandy to anyone who owned a doll that did.[69]

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge (and infant) dolls, merely this Happy Family line was apace pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though past that time, Barbie's friend Midge was supposed to exist a married adult.[70]

In September 2003, the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful."[71] The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.[72] In Muslim-majority nations, at that place is an culling doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, just is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured past Mattel (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (as of January 2021) the "Jewish" Barbie make is all the same available in other Muslim-majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia.[73] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available equally an alternative to Barbie, even though they accept not been as successful.[74]

In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the volume I Can Be a Computer Engineer, which depicted Barbie every bit existence inept at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB flash bulldoze.[75] Critics complained that the book was sexist, equally other books in the I Can Be... series depicted Barbie equally someone who was competent in those jobs and did not crave exterior assistance from others.[76] Mattel subsequently removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism.[77]

Safety concerns

In March 2000, stories appeared in the media claiming that the difficult vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modernistic Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the caput is made from soft PVC.[78] [79]

In July 2010, Mattel released "Barbie Video Daughter", a Barbie doll with a pinhole video camera in its chest, enabling clips of upwardly to 30 minutes to be recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cablevision. On November 30, 2010, the FBI issued a alert in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that at that place was "no reported show that the doll had been used in whatsoever manner other than intended."[80] [81]

In March 2015, concerns were raised about a version of the doll called "How-do-you-do Barbie", which tin can agree conversations with a kid using speech recognition technology. The doll transmits data back to a service called ToyTalk, which according to Forbes, has a terms of service and privacy policy that permit it to "share audio recordings with third party vendors who help united states with speech recognition", and states that "recordings and photos may also be used for inquiry and development purposes, such as to improve oral communication recognition engineering and artificial intelligence algorithms and create better amusement experiences."[82]

"Role model Barbies"

In March 2018, in time for International Women's Day, Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Role Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".[83] [84] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female office models.[83] Dolls in this collection include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh.[83] In 2020, the company appear a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario.[85] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a part of the 'Barbie Role Model' serial. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie two years earlier.[86] A month earlier, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian political leader,[87] as was i for general practitioner Kirby White for her work during the COVID-xix pandemic in Australia.[88]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. 90 percentage are women, at an average historic period of xl, purchasing more twenty Barbie dolls each yr. Forty-five per centum of them spend upwards of $1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $iii.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004.[89] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll gear up a world record at auction of £9,000 sterling (U.s.$17,000) at Christie'south in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was role of a private drove of 4,000 Barbie dolls existence sold past two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.[90]

In recent years, Mattel has sold a broad range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television set series such equally The Munsters and Star Trek.[91] [92] There are too collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.[93] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls including pink, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[94] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as role of the company's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.[95]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has oftentimes been the target of parody:

  • Mattel sued creative person Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Nutrient Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds upward in a blender.[96] [97] [98] Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.[96]
  • In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation'south allegations that Frida Kahlo's bang-up-niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.[99]
  • Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.S. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business owner whose nickname is Barbie, over her website, which sells fetish wearable.[100] [101] The lawsuit was dismissed.[96]
  • In 2011, Greenpeace parodied Barbie,[102] calling on Mattel to prefer a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Four months later, Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy.[103]
  • The Tonight Show with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[ commendation needed ]
  • Sabbatum Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".[104] In 2002, the testify too aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears as Barbie's sister Skipper.[105]
  • In November 2002, a New York judge refused an injunction against the British-based artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in bondage clothing.[106]
  • Aqua's song "Barbie Girl" was the subject area of the lawsuit Mattel v. MCA Records, which Mattel lost in 2002, with Estimate Alex Kozinski saying that the vocal was a "parody and a social commentary".[107] [108]
  • Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls like to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the starting time commercial, a female doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling K.I. Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by Van Halen's "You Really Got Me".[109] In the 2nd commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "G.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentally knocked into a pond pool by the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Beloved".[110] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable impairment" to its products,[111] [112] only settled.[113]
  • In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain proper noun, BarbieBenson.com.[114]
  • In 1993, a group calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a grouping of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, and so returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.[115] [116]
  • Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy" (1994).
  • Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram business relationship. Savior Barbie is depicted every bit beingness in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking h2o to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is likely to accept inspired others such as "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".[117] [118]

Contest from Bratz dolls

In June 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz series of dolls, a move that gave Barbie her first serious contest in the manner doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the Britain, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[119] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen past 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the driblet being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[120]

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $ane billion, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the thought for Bratz.[121] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its primary executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel holding for their ain utilize and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.[122] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $100 1000000 in amercement. On December 3, 2008, U.Due south. Commune Estimate Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the company to continue selling the dolls until the winter holiday flavor ended.[123] [124] On appeal, a stay was granted by the U.Southward. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Excursion; the Court also overturned the District Court's original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire Bratz brand.[125] [126]

Mattel Inc. and MGA Entertainment Inc. returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time includes accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.[127] On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.[128] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was too ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and simulated claims rather than the $88.5 one thousand thousand issued in April.[129]

In Baronial 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls.[130]

"Barbie syndrome"

"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the desire to accept a concrete appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. It is most frequently associated with pre-teenage and adolescent females just is applicable to whatsoever age group or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll's physical advent, even though the doll has unattainable body proportions.[131] This syndrome is seen every bit a form of body dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders as well equally an obsession with corrective surgery.[132]

Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press, due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.[133] [134] She stated that she has merely had breast implants and relies heavily on make upward and contacts to alter her appearance.[135] Similarly, Lacey Wildd, an American reality television personality frequently referred to as "Million Dollar Barbie" has besides undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to go "the extreme Barbie".[136]

Jessica Alves, prior to coming out every bit transgender, underwent over £373,000 worth of corrective procedures to match the appearance of Barbie's male analogue, garnering her the nickname the "Man Ken Doll". These procedures have included multiple nose jobs, half-dozen pack ab implants, a buttock lift, and hair and breast implants.[135] Sporting the aforementioned nickname, Justin Jedlica, the American businessman, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, touch self-prototype in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave flick books to girls historic period 5–viii, one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic physical features. The girls were and so asked about their ideal torso size. Their research institute that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.[137]

Run into also

  • Creatable World
  • Kitty Black Perkins
  • Lammily - a crowd funded alternative developed by Nickolay Lamm
  • My Scene
  • Sindy
  • Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story
  • The Most Popular Girls in Schoolhouse
  • Totally Hair Barbie

References

  1. ^ a b Paul Ziobro (Jan 28, 2016). "Mattel to Add Curvy, Petite, Tall Barbies: Sales of the doll accept fallen at double-digit rate for by eight quarters". Wall Street Journal.
  2. ^ a b "Barbie shows signs of life as Mattel plots comeback". Detroit Free Press. April xviii, 2015.
  3. ^ Norton, Kevin I.; Olds, Timothy S.; Olive, Scott; Dank, Stephen (February ane, 1996). "Ken and Barbie at life size". Sex Roles. 34 (3): 287–294. doi:10.1007/BF01544300. ISSN 1573-2762. S2CID 143568530.
  4. ^ Don Richard Cox, "Barbie and her playmates." Journal of Popular Culture 11.ii (1977): 303-307.
  5. ^ a b Gilblom, Kelly (February 24, 2021). "How a Barbie Makeover Led to a Pandemic Sales Boom". Bloomberg News . Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  6. ^ Mary One thousand. Lord, Forever Barbie: The unauthorized biography of a real doll (Bloomsbury Publishing United states, 2004).
  7. ^ In an interview with K.G.Lord, the writer of Forever Barbie, Ruth Handler said that she saw the doll in Lucerne, Switzerland. However, the volume points out that on other occasions Handler said that she saw the doll in Zurich or Vienna.
  8. ^ "Meet Lilli, the High-end German Call Girl Who Became America's Iconic Barbie Doll". Messy Nessy. January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  9. ^ "Ruth Mosko Handler unveils Barbie Doll". Jewish Women'due south Annal. Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  10. ^ "Barbie". FirstVersions.com . Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  11. ^ Oppenheimer, Jerry (2009). Toy monster: the large, bad world of Mattel. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. pp. 33–34. ISBN978-0071402118.
  12. ^ "Mattel Wins Ruling in Barbie Dispute". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 29, 2015.
  13. ^ "Mattel, Inc. History". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol.61. St. James Press (2000). Retrieved May vii, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  14. ^ "Vintage Barbie struts her stuff". BBC News. September 22, 2006. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  15. ^ "Playscale per About.com". Nearly.com. March 2, 2011. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  16. ^ "Barbie Animated Movie Series". IMDb . Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  17. ^ "Barbie celebrates 25th DVD release today". Amusement Weekly. Feb 26, 2013. Retrieved February vi, 2019.
  18. ^ "Musée des Arts Décoratifs". Musée des Arts Décoratifs.
  19. ^ Neuendorf, Henri (December 3, 2015). "Express Edition Andy Warhol Barbie Hits the Shelves". Artnet. Artnet.
  20. ^ Moore, Hannah (October 2015). "Why Warhol painted Barbie". BBC News.
  21. ^ Gómez, Edward (May x, 2014). "Al Carbee's Fine art of Dolls and Yearning: "Oh, for a real, live Barbie!"". Hyperallergic. Hyperallergic.
  22. ^ Bough, Silke (March 12, 2016). "Widerlegt! Dice x größten Irrtümer über Barbie". Die Welt (in German). Welt.
  23. ^ "Get-go Barbie-themed restaurant opens in Taiwan". Daily Times. January 31, 2013. Retrieved February i, 2013. [ permanent dead link ]
  24. ^ Economist 21 Dec 2002, Vol. 365 Issue 8304, pp 20-22.
  25. ^ "Barbie® Launches New Music Producer Doll to Highlight the Gender Gap in The Manufacture | Mattel News". Mattel News. September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ^ "Barbie". Girls Make Beats. September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  27. ^ "Barbie Makes Large Announce With Girls Brand Beats Introducing New Doll | 1035 The Beat". Stichiz on iHeartRadio. September fourteen, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ^ "Barbie Runway Show – Autumn 2009 Mercedes Benz Fashion Calendar week New York". MyItThings.com. Feb xiv, 2009. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  29. ^ "Runway Rundown: The Barbie Show'due south 50 Designers!". TypePad. Archived from the original on July seven, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  30. ^ "Christian Louboutin explains Barbie "fat ankle" comments". Handbag.com. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  31. ^ Lawrence, Cynthia; Bette Lou Maybee (1962). Here'south Barbie. Random House. OCLC 15038159.
  32. ^ "Original Model Barbie Doll". Wisconsin Historical Society. April 23, 2013.
  33. ^ Biederman, Marcia (September 20, 1999). "Generation Next: A newly youthful Barbie takes Manhattan". New York . Retrieved June four, 2009.
  34. ^ The Storybook Romance Comes To An Finish For Barbie And Ken Mattel February 12, 2004
  35. ^ Madeover Ken hopes to win back Barbie CNN February 10, 2006
  36. ^ STRANSKY, TANNER (Feb 14, 2011). "Valentine's Day Surprise! Barbie and Ken are officially back together". Amusement Weekly.
  37. ^ Kavilanz, Parija (Feb 14, 2011). "Barbie and Ken: Back together on Valentine'southward Day". CNN.
  38. ^ Joseph Lee, CNN Money Staff Writer (June 29, 2004). "Aussie hunk wins Barbie'south heart". CNN. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  39. ^ Ziobro, "Mattel to Add Curvy, Petite, Tall Barbies: Sales of the doll have fallen at double-digit rate for past viii quarters". The Wall Street Journal. January 28, 2016.
  40. ^ Dittmar, Helga; Halliwell, Emma; Ive, Suzanne (2006). "Does Barbie make girls want to be sparse? The upshot of experimental exposure to images of dolls on the body epitome of 5- to 8-year-one-time girls". Developmental Psychology. 42 (2): 283–292. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.ii.283. ISSN 0012-1649. PMID 16569167.
  41. ^ Brownell, Kelly D.; Napolitano, Melissa A. (1995). "Distorting reality for children: Body size proportions of Barbie and Ken dolls". International Periodical of Eating Disorders. 18 (three): 295–298. doi:ten.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<295::AID-EAT2260180313>iii.0.CO;2-R. ISSN 1098-108X. PMID 8556027.
  42. ^ Dijker, Anton J.M. (March one, 2008). "Why Barbie feels heavier than Ken: The influence of size-based expectancies and social cues on the illusory perception of weight". Noesis. 106 (3): 1109–1125. doi:10.1016/j.noesis.2007.05.009. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 17599820. S2CID 26233026.
  43. ^ Anschutz, Doeschka J.; Engels, Rutger C. M. E. (November 1, 2010). "The Effects of Playing with Thin Dolls on Body Image and Food Intake in Young Girls". Sex Roles. 63 (9): 621–630. doi:x.1007/s11199-010-9871-half dozen. ISSN 1573-2762. PMC2991547. PMID 21212808.
  44. ^ What would a real life Barbie await like? BBC News, March 6, 2009
  45. ^ a b Eames, Sarah Sink (1990). Barbie Doll Style: 1959–1967. Collector Books. ISBN0-89145-418-vii.
  46. ^ 1000.Thousand. Lord, Forever Barbie, Chapter 11 ISBN 0-8027-7694-9
  47. ^ Elliott, Stuart (October 21, 2010). "Barbie (Doll) – Times Topics". The New York Times . Retrieved February sixteen, 2012.
  48. ^ "Barbie undergoes plastic surgery". BBC News. Nov 18, 1997. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  49. ^ Winterman, Denise (March vi, 2009). "What would a real life Barbie await like?". BBC News . Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  50. ^ a b Bates, Claire (March three, 2016). "How does 'Curvy Barbie' compare with an boilerplate woman?". BBC News . Retrieved Apr xix, 2018.
  51. ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (Jan 28, 2016). "Curvy Barbie: is it the end of the road for the thigh gap?". The Guardian . Retrieved Apr xix, 2018.
  52. ^ Wosk, Julie (Feb 12, 2016). "The New Curvy Barbie Dolls: What They Tell The states About Existence Overweight". Huffington Postal service . Retrieved April xix, 2018.
  53. ^ a b "Barbie'south Got a New Trunk". Time . Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  54. ^ Ahlgrim, Callie. "A mom found her girl'south 'curvy Barbie' in the trash — and used it to teach her a lesson well-nigh torso diverseness". Insider . Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  55. ^ Hains, Rebecca (2021). "The Politics of Barbie'due south Curvy New Body: Marketing Mattel's Fashionistas Line". The Marketing of Children's Toys: 265–283. doi:x.1007/978-iii-030-62881-9_14. ISBN978-three-030-62880-ii. S2CID 234106392.
  56. ^ "A adult female wondered what Barbies would look like in quarantine. Her answer is astonishing". Fast Visitor . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  57. ^ Marco Tosa, Barbie: Four decades of fashion, fantasy, and fun (1998).
  58. ^ "A Barbie for Anybody" Hispanic (Feb–March 2009), Vol. 22, Event 1
  59. ^ Perez, Emilie Rose Aguilo (2021). "Commodifying Culture: Mattel's and Disney'due south Marketing Approaches to "Latinx" Toys and Media". The Marketing of Children'due south Toys: 143–163. doi:10.1007/978-three-030-62881-9_8. ISBN978-iii-030-62880-2. S2CID 234253829.
  60. ^ "African American Way Dolls of the 60s". MasterCollector.com. Archived from the original on Baronial 22, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  61. ^ "Faces of Christie". Kattisdolls.net. Archived from the original on July xx, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  62. ^ Ducille, Ann (1994). "Dyes and Dolls: Multicultural Barbie and the merchandising of departure". Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies. half-dozen: 46.
  63. ^ "Mattel introduces blackness Barbies, to mixed reviews". Fox News. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on Oct xi, 2009. Retrieved Oct 18, 2009.
  64. ^ Shan, Li (Jan 2016). "Barbie breaks the mold with ethnically diverse dolls". Los Angeles Times.
  65. ^ [1] Archived Oct 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ "Barbie's Disabled Friend Tin can't Fit". EL SEGUNDO, Calif.: University of Washington. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October one, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  67. ^ "Share a Smile Becky". BCentral.com. Archived from the original on June 17, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-23 .
  68. ^ "Later Backlash, Calculator Engineer Barbie Gets New Set Of Skills". NPR. November 12, 2014. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  69. ^ "Company News: Mattel Says It Erred; Teen Talk Barbie Turns Silent on Math". The New York Times. Oct 21, 1992. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
  70. ^ "Pregnant doll pulled from Wal-Mart after customers mutter". USA Today. December 24, 2002.
  71. ^ ""Jewish" Barbie Dolls Denounced in Saudi Arabia". Adl.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  72. ^ "Barbie at sixty, and how she made her mark on the Arab world". Arab News. January five, 2019. Retrieved Dec 16, 2019.
  73. ^ "Al-Ahram Weekly | Living | Move over, Barbie". Weekly.ahram.org.eg. June 7, 2006. Archived from the original on May xiii, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  74. ^ "Muslim dolls tackle 'wanton' Barbie". BBC News. March five, 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  75. ^ Ribon, Pamela (November 18, 2014). "Barbie F*cks It Upwardly Once again". Gizmodo . Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  76. ^ Romano, Aja. "Barbie book near programming tells girls they need boys to code for them". Daily Dot . Retrieved November xx, 2014.
  77. ^ Buhr, Sarah. "Mattel Pulls Sexist Barbie Book "I Can Be A Computer Engineer" Off Amazon". TechCrunch. Retrieved November xx, 2014.
  78. ^ Colina, Nick (June 15, 2010). "Kiss That Barbie! Why In that location Is No Such Thing Equally A Toxic Barbie". About.com. Archived from the original on Dec 10, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  79. ^ "Malibu Barbie, Vacation Barbie ... Toxic Barbie?" 2000/08/25
  80. ^ "FBI memo raises Barbie child pornography fears". BBC News. Dec vi, 2010. Archived from the original on December 8, 2010. Retrieved Dec 23, 2010.
  81. ^ "FBI: New Barbie 'Video Daughter' doll could be used for child porn". CNN International. December 4, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
  82. ^ Joseph Steinberg (March 20, 2015). "This New Toy Records Your Children'due south Private Moments -- Buyer Beware". Forbes . Retrieved March 20, 2015.
  83. ^ a b c "Barbie | Role Models | Inspiring Women | You Can Be Anything". Barbie.com past Mattel. 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  84. ^ Leguizamon, Mercedes; Ahmed, Saeed (March vii, 2018). "Barbie unveils dolls based on Amelia Earhart, Frida Kahlo, Katherine Johnson and Chloe Kim". CNN News . Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  85. ^ "Barbie Has Created A Doll Of Madison De Rozario And Information technology Is So Dang Powerful". Women'southward Health . Retrieved March v, 2020.
  86. ^ "Barbie Doll Modeled After Naomi Osaka Sells Out Inside Hours of Release". Black Enterprise. July 18, 2021. Retrieved Baronial xx, 2021.
  87. ^ Vocalist, Melissa (June xv, 2021). "'It sent a message': Julie Bishop but got her ain Barbie doll". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  88. ^ Price, Kimberley (August 5, 2021). "Aussie GP honoured equally one of six special Barbies". Daily Liberal . Retrieved Baronial 5, 2021.
  89. ^ "1959 Blonde Ponytail Barbie Brings Over $3,000!". Scoop. Oct 16, 2004. Retrieved November six, 2010.
  90. ^ "Midnight Ruby Barbie Doll sets auction record". London: Yahoo! Australia. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on October 3, 2006. Retrieved November vi, 2010.
  91. ^ "Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector". BarbieCollector.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March iii, 2012.
  92. ^ "Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector". BarbieCollector.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  93. ^ "Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector". BarbieCollector.com. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved March three, 2012.
  94. ^ "Collectible Barbie Dolls: Become A Barbie Collector : Barbie Signature". Barbie by Mattel.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008.
  95. ^ Kelly Murray. "Mattel releases 2d edition of 'Day of the Dead' Barbie". CNN . Retrieved September 13, 2020.
  96. ^ a b c "Barbie-in-a-blender artist wins $1.8 million accolade". Out-Police force.Com. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  97. ^ "National Barbie-in-a-Blender Day!". Barbieinablender.org. Retrieved March three, 2012.
  98. ^ "Mattel v. Tom Forsythe" (PDF). June 21, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved August i, 2016.
  99. ^ "Later on Frida Kahlo Barbie Debacle, Licensing Visitor Sues Artist's Relative". Hyper Allergic . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  100. ^ "BarbiesShop.com News". Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
  101. ^ "Mattel Loses Trade Mark Battle with 'Barbie'". LawdIt Britain. July 25, 2005. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  102. ^ "Ken Dumps Barbie "Information technology's over!" Greenpeace Exposes Barbie's Package". June xi, 2011. Retrieved Baronial 29, 2010.
  103. ^ "Mattel breaks up with Asia Pulp and Paper after Greenpeace's Barbie-based entrada". October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  104. ^ "Gangsta Bitch Barbie video". S77.photobucket.com. Retrieved March three, 2012. [ permanent expressionless link ]
  105. ^ "Saturday Night Live skit | Inside Barbie's Dream House". S177.photobucket.com. Retrieved March 3, 2012. [ permanent dead link ]
  106. ^ Published on Friday November 8, 2002 00:00 (November 8, 2002). "The Scotsman". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on October thirteen, 2007. Retrieved March three, 2012.
  107. ^ "Barbie loses battle over bimbo paradigm". BBC News. July 25, 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  108. ^ "Aqua Barbie Girl lyrics". Purelyrics.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  109. ^ "1990's Nissan 300ZX Commercial" YouTube April 25, 2010
  110. ^ "Nissan Toys 2 Barbie Ken Commercial" youtube April 25, 2010
  111. ^ "Mattel Sues Nissan Over Idiot box Commercial". The New York Times. September 20, 1997. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
  112. ^ After Aqua, Mattel goes subsequently Car Advertisement MTV.com September 24, 1997
  113. ^ Battlefield Barbie: When Copyrights Disharmonism Peter Hartlaub, The Los Angeles Daily News, May 31, 1998. Accessed July 3, 2009.
  114. ^ "Stripper: Barbie Lawsuit a Bust". Wired . Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  115. ^ "Barbie Liberation". Sniggle.net. May 23, 1996. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
  116. ^ Firestone, David (December 31, 1993). "While Barbie Talks Tough, G. I. Joe Goes Shopping". The New York Times . Retrieved April 26, 2010.
  117. ^ Kuo, Lily (April 20, 2016). "Instagram's White Savior Barbie neatly captures what'south wrong with "voluntourism" in Africa". Quartz Africa . Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  118. ^ "Barbie Savior". Instagram . Retrieved Apr 8, 2021.
  119. ^ "Bratz topple Barbie from top spot". BBC News. September 9, 2004. Retrieved Apr 26, 2010.
  120. ^ "Barbie blues for toy-maker Mattel". BBC News. October 17, 2005. Retrieved Apr 26, 2010.
  121. ^ "Barbie sues Bratz for $1bn". The Daily Telegraph. London. Baronial 22, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
  122. ^ "Jury rules for Mattel in Bratz doll case". The New York Times. July 18, 2008. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved December seven, 2008.
  123. ^ "Barbie beats back Bratz". CNN Money. December iv, 2008. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  124. ^ Colker, David (Dec 4, 2008). "Bad mean solar day for the Bratz in L.A. courtroom". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December vii, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  125. ^ "Court throws out Mattel win over Bratz doll". Reuters. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2010.
  126. ^ Mattel Inc. v. MGA Entertainment, Inc. Archived July 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, no. 09-55763 (9th Cir. Jul 22, 2010)
  127. ^ Chang, Andrea (January 18, 2011). "Mattel, MGA renew fight over Bratz dolls in courtroom". Los Angeles Times.
  128. ^ "Federal jury says MGA, not Mattel, owns Bratz copyright". Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
  129. ^ Chang, Andrea (August 5, 2011). "Mattel must pay MGA $310 one thousand thousand in Bratz case". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  130. ^ Anderson, Mae (Baronial 3, 2009). "Bratz maker introduces new doll line". Associated Press. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  131. ^ Lind, Amy (2008). Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  132. ^ Rosen, David S.; Boyhood, the Committee on (December i, 2010). "Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents". Pediatrics. 126 (half-dozen): 1240–1253. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2821. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 21115584.
  133. ^ "Valeria Lukyanova: Model Seeks to Be Real-Life Barbie Doll". Inquisitr.com. April 23, 2012. Archived from the original on Dec 8, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  134. ^ "Valeria Lukyanova & Some other Existent Life Barbie Doll, Olga Oleynik, Come up to America". EnStarz.com. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
  135. ^ a b "The Barbie Doll Syndrome: Why Girls Are Becoming Obsessed with Unrealistic Curvy Bodies | Women's". Women's. January 13, 2018. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  136. ^ Intern, HL (July 2, 2014). "Mom Of 6 Has 36 Surgeries To Look Like A Barbie Doll — Did It Work?". Hollywood Life. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  137. ^ Dittmar, Helga (2006). "Does Barbie Make Girls Want to Be Thin? The Outcome of Experimental Exposure to Images of Dolls on the Body Epitome of 5- to 8-Year-Old Girls" (PDF). Developmental Psychology. 42 (two): 283–292. doi:ten.1037/0012-1649.42.2.283. PMID 16569167. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2018. Retrieved Apr 28, 2018.

Farther reading

  • Best, Joel. "Too Much Fun: Toys as Social Problems and the Estimation of Civilisation", Symbolic Interaction 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: 10.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 in JSTOR
  • BillyBoy* (1987). Barbie: Her Life & Times. Crown. ISBN978-0-517-59063-8.
  • Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." Periodical of Popular Culture eleven#two (1977): 303–307.
  • Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 2#three (2009): 303-311. online
  • Gerber, Robin (2009). Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the Globe's Almost Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her. Collins Business. ISBN978-0-06-134131-one.
  • Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler‐Cohen, and Yael Lahav‐Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Bear upon of Girls' Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." Psychology & Marketing 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
  • Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
  • Lord, G. K. (2004). Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a existent doll. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN978-0-8027-7694-5.
  • Plumb, Suzie, ed. (2005). Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Fashion and Relationships. Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums. ISBN0-948723-57-2.
  • Rogers, Mary Ann (1999). Barbie culture. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN0-7619-5888-half dozen.
  • Sherman, Aurora M., and Eileen L. Zurbriggen. "'Boys can be annihilation': Effect of Barbie play on girls' career cognitions." Sex roles 70.5-vi (2014): 195-208. online
  • Singleton, Bridget (2000). The Fine art of Barbie. London: Vision On. ISBN0-9537479-2-1.
  • Weissman, Kristin Noelle. Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture (1999).
  • Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" American National Biography (2000) online

External links

  • Official website (redirects to the site under Mattel.com)
  • play.barbie.com (the former Barbie.com; only for games and DIY activities.)
  • St. Petersburg Times Floridian: "The doll that has everything – almost", an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
  • USA Today: Barbie at number 43 on the list of The 101 About Influential People Who Never Lived
  • The Telegraph: Doll power: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world potency
  • NPR Audio Study: Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What Nosotros Make Her
  • Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in West.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React Archived February 27, 2014, at the Wayback Motorcar March three, 2009
  • New York Times: Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol? Dec 23, 1987
  • Barbie'southward 50th – slideshow by The Offset Mail service
  • BBC News: Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store March vii, 2011
  • BBC News 1: Making Cindy into Barbie? - BBC News, HEALTH (21 September 1998)
  • CBS News: Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls, Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. half-dozen, 2004) CBS News
  • Glowka; et al. (2001). "Among the New Words". American Speech. Projection MUSE. 76 (one): 79–96. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-79.
  • Anna Hart, Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone', The Telegraph website, Jan 28, 2016

kingnoulter89.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie

0 Response to "Baby Born Swimming Doll How Does It Work"

Post a Comment

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel