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Fashion doll brand by Mattel

This commodity is about the style doll and brand. For other uses, run into Barbie (disambiguation).

Barbie
Barbie Logo.svg
First appearance March 9, 1959; 63 years ago  (1959-03-09)
Created by Ruth Handler
In-universe information
Full name Barbara Millicent Roberts
Nickname Barbie
Occupation See: Barbie's careers
Family Meet: List of Barbie's friends and family

Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured past the American toy company Mattel, Inc. and launched in March 1959. American businesswoman Ruth Handler is credited with the creation of the doll using a German doll called Bild Lilli as her inspiration.

Barbie is the figurehead of a brand of Mattel dolls and accessories, including other family members and collectible dolls. Barbie has been an of import office of the toy fashion doll market for over sixty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and lawsuits, often involving parodies of the doll and her lifestyle. Mattel has sold over a billion Barbie dolls, making it the company's largest and almost assisting line.[ane]

The Barbie doll brand has expanded into a media franchise, including a long-running series of animated films that began in 2001. From 2002 to 2017, the films were aired regularly on the Nickelodeon cable channel.[2]

Barbie and her swain Ken take been described as ii most popular dolls in the world.[three] The doll has transformed the toy concern in flush communities worldwide by becoming a vehicle for the auction of related merchandise (accessories, clothes, friends of Barbie, etc.). Writing for Journal of Popular Culture in 1977, Don Richard Cox noted that Barbie has a pregnant impact on social values by conveying characteristics of female independence, and with her multitude of accessories, an idealized upscale life-mode that tin can be shared with affluent friends.[4]

Sales of Barbie dolls started to decline sharply from 2014 to 2016.[1] In 2020, Mattel sold $i.35 billion worth of Barbie dolls and accessories and this was their best sales growth in 2 decades. This is an increment from the $950 million the make sold during 2017.[v]

History

The first Barbie doll was introduced in both blonde and brunette on March 9, 1959.

Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she ofttimes enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could exist a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic almost the idea, equally were Mattel'south directors.[6]

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came beyond a German toy doll called Bild Lilli.[7] The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in heed, then she purchased three of them. She gave i to her daughter and took the others dorsum to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character actualization in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not to a higher place using men to get it. The Lilli doll was showtime sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became pop with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.[8]

Upon her render to the United states of america, Handler redesigned the doll (with assist from local inventor-designer Jack Ryan) and the doll was given a new name, Barbie, after Handler's girl Barbara. The doll made its debut at the American International Toy Fair in New York City on March 9, 1959.[9] This date is besides used every bit Barbie's official birthday.

The start Barbie doll wore a black-and-white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot ponytail, and was bachelor every bit either a blonde or brunette. The doll was marketed equally a "Teen-historic period Mode Model", with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The kickoff Barbie dolls were manufactured in Japan, with their dress hand-stitched by Japanese homeworkers. Effectually 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.[10]

Louis Marx and Visitor sued Mattel in March 1961. Later licensing Lilli, they claimed that Mattel had "infringed on Greiner & Hausser's patent for Bild-Lilli's hip joint, and also claimed that Barbie was "a direct have-off and copy" of Bild-Lilli. The company additionally claimed that Mattel "falsely and misleadingly represented itself every bit having originated the blueprint". Mattel counter-claimed and the case was settled out of court in 1963. In 1964, Mattel bought Greiner & Hausser's copyright and patent rights for the Bild-Lilli doll for $21,600.[11] [12]

Ruth Handler believed that information technology was important for Barbie to have an developed advent, and early market place inquiry showed that some parents were unhappy most the doll's breast, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, almost notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adapted to wait forrad rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model. This would be the terminal improvement Ruth would make to her own creation equally, three years later, she and her husband Elliot were removed from their posts at Mattel after an investigation found them guilty of issuing false and misleading financial reports.[13]

Barbie was one of the offset toys to have a marketing strategy based extensively on television advertising, which has been copied widely past other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel challenge that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.[xiv]

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately i/6 scale, which is besides known as playscale.[15] The standard dolls are approximately xi½ inches tall.

Appearances in media/multimedia franchises

Since the mid-to-late 1980s, Barbie-branded products included non only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a big range of branded goods such as books, apparel, cosmetics, and video games. Barbie has had a multimedia franchise starting with Barbie in the Nutcracker in 2001, when she began appearing in a serial of calculator-animated films[16] which were distributed on habitation video/straight-to-video formats, and since 2013, on Blu-ray, likewise as ambulation on the American Nickelodeon cable aqueduct and its global channel versions) until 2017.[2]

Equally of 2013, the Barbie directly-to-video films have sold over 110 one thousand thousand units worldwide.[17] Earlier the films, the brand had ii idiot box specials released in 1987 in response to the rise in digital media at that fourth dimension; Barbie and the Rockers: Out of This World and Barbie and the Sensations: Rockin' Back to Earth, besides equally inspiring a hit europop trip the light fantastic toe song, "Barbie Girl" (1997) by Aqua. She was also a supporting character in the Kelly Dream Club TV series which aired in 2002, the My Scene films, Pixar's Toy Story films; specifically Toy Story two and Toy Story 3, and Dreamtopia, which focuses on the adventures of her little sister, Chelsea.

Legacy and influence

Barbie has become a cultural icon and has been given honors that are rare in the toy earth. In 1974, a section of Times Foursquare in New York City was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week. The Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris at the Louvre held a Barbie exhibit in 2016. The exhibit featured 700 Barbie dolls over two floors too as works by contemporary artists and documents (newspapers, photos, video) that contextualize Barbie.[eighteen]

In 1986, the creative person Andy Warhol created a painting of Barbie. The painting sold at auction at Christie's, London for $i.1 one thousand thousand. In 2015, The Andy Warhol Foundation and so teamed upwards with Mattel to create an Andy Warhol Barbie.[19] [20]

Outsider artist Al Carbee took thousands of photographs of Barbie and created countless collages and dioramas featuring Barbie in diverse settings.[21] Carbee was the bailiwick of the characteristic-length documentary Magical Universe. Carbee'southward collage fine art was presented in the 2016 Barbie exhibit at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris in the section most visuals artists who take been inspired by Barbie.[22]

In 2013, in Taiwan, the get-go Barbie-themed eatery called "Barbie Café" opened under the Sinlaku group.[23]

The Economist has emphasized the importance of Barbie to children's imagination:

From her early days every bit a teenage fashion model, Barbie has appeared as an astronaut, surgeon, Olympic athlete, downhill skier, aerobics instructor, TV news reporter, vet, rock star, doc, army officer, air strength pilot, summit diplomat, rap musician, presidential candidate (political party undefined), baseball player, scuba diver, lifeguard, fire-fighter, engineer, dentist, and many more than. ... When Barbie starting time burst into the toy shops, just as the 1960s were breaking, the doll marketplace consisted more often than not of babies, designed for girls to cradle, rock and feed. By creating a doll with adult features, Mattel enabled girls to get anything they want.[24]

On September 7, 2021, post-obit the debut of the streaming tv set picture Barbie: Large Metropolis, Big Dreams on Netflix, Barbie joined forces with Grammy Accolade-nominated music producer, songwriter, singer and extra Ester Dean and Girls Make Beats – an organization dedicated to expanding the female person presence of music producers, DJs and sound engineers – to inspire more than girls to explore a future in music production.[25] [26] [27]

50th anniversary

In 2009, Barbie celebrated her 50th birthday. The celebrations included a track evidence in New York for the Mercedes-Benz Mode Week.[28] The event showcased fashions contributed by fifty well-known haute couturiers including Diane von Fürstenberg, Vera Wang, Calvin Klein, Bob Mackie, and Christian Louboutin.[29] [thirty]

Fictional biography

Further information and

Barbie's full name is Barbara Millicent Roberts. In a series of novels published by Random Business firm in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, Wisconsin.[31] [32] In the Random House novels, Barbie attended Willows High School; while in the Generation Girl books, published past Golden Books in 1999, she attended the fictional Manhattan International High Schoolhouse in New York City (based on the existent-life Stuyvesant Loftier School).[33]

She has an on-off romantic relationship with her boyfriend Ken ("Ken Carson"), who first appeared in 1961. A news release from Mattel in Feb 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up,[34] but in Feb 2006, they were hoping to rekindle their relationship after Ken had a makeover.[35] In 2011, Mattel launched a campaign for Ken to win Barbie's angel back.[36] The pair officially reunited in Valentine's Solar day 2011.[37] As at the release of Barbie Dreamhouse Adventures, the pair are seen as just friends or next-door neighbours.

Barbie has had over 40 pets including cats and dogs, horses, a panda, a lion cub, and a zebra. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pinkish Beetle and Corvette convertibles, trailers, and Jeeps. She also holds a pilot'due south license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a flight bellboy. Barbie's careers are designed to show that women tin can accept on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including Miss Astronaut Barbie (1965), Doctor Barbie (1988), and Nascar Barbie (1998).

Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including Hispanic Teresa, Midge, African American Christie, and Steven (Christie'due south boyfriend). Barbie'south siblings and cousins were also created including Skipper, Todd and Stacie (twin blood brother and sister), Kelly, Krissy, and Francie. Barbie was friendly with Blaine, an Australian surfer, during her split with Ken in 2004.[38]

Controversies

"Black Barbies" redirects hither. For the Nicki Minaj song, run across Blackness Barbies (song).

Body image

From the start, some have complained that "the blonde, plastic doll conveyed an unrealistic trunk prototype to girls."[39]

Criticisms of Barbie are often centered around concerns that children consider Barbie a office model and will attempt to emulate her. I of the most common criticisms of Barbie is that she promotes an unrealistic idea of torso epitome for a young adult female, leading to a take chances that girls who attempt to emulate her volition become anorexic. Unrealistic body proportions in Barbie dolls accept been connected to some eating disorders in children.[40] [41] [42] [43]

A standard Barbie doll is 11.5 inches tall, giving a height of 5 feet 9 inches at one/6 scale. Barbie's vital statistics have been estimated at 36 inches (chest), 18 inches (waist) and 33 inches (hips). Co-ordinate to enquiry by the University Key Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, she would lack the 17 to 22 per centum body fat required for a adult female to menstruate.[44] In 1963, the outfit "Barbie Baby-Sits" came with a book entitled How to Lose Weight which advised: "Don't eat!".[45] The same book was included in some other ensemble called "Sleep Party" in 1965 forth with a pink bathroom scale permanently gear up at 110 lbs.,[45] which would be around 35 lbs. underweight for a woman 5 feet 9 inches tall.[46] Mattel said that the waist of the Barbie doll was made small because the waistbands of her dress, along with their seams, snaps, and zippers, added bulk to her figure.[47] In 1997, Barbie's body mold was redesigned and given a wider waist, with Mattel maxim that this would make the doll ameliorate suited to contemporary style designs.[48] [49]

In 2016, Mattel introduced a range of new body types: 'tall', 'petite', and 'curvy', releasing them exclusively as part of the Barbie Fashionistas line. 'Curvy Barbie' received a great deal of media attention[l] [51] [52] and even made the cover of Time magazine with the headline "Now Can We Terminate Talking About My Body?".[53] Despite the curvy doll's body shape being equivalent to a The states size 4 in clothing,[fifty] some children reportedly regarded her as "fat".[53] [54] The doll's reception past adults was likewise politicized, with tensions between feminists who suggested the doll was too thin to exist considered "curvy" and conservatives who claimed information technology was a "frumpy thunderthigh-sporting [...] product of a social justice warrior's fantasies."[55]

Although Barbie had been criticized for its unrealistic-looking "tall and petite" dolls, the company has been offering more dolls prepare to more realistic standards in order to assistance promote a positive body epitome.[56]

  • Barbie's waist has been widened in more recent versions of the doll.

  • Back encompass of the vintage booklet entitled How to Lose Weight, stating "Don't Consume!".

  • Bathroom scale from 1965, permanently gear up at 110 lbs.

  • Oreo Fun Barbie from 1997 became controversial after a negative interpretation of the doll's proper name.

Diversity

Complaints likewise point to a lack of multifariousness in the line.[57] Mattel responded to these criticisms. Starting in 1980, information technology produced Hispanic dolls, and later came models from across the earth. For case, in 2007, it introduced "Cinco de Mayo Barbie" wearing a ruffled cherry, white, and green dress (echoing the Mexican flag). Hispanic magazine reports that:

[O]ne of the nearly dramatic developments in Barbie's history came when she embraced multi-culturalism and was released in a wide variety of native costumes, hair colors and pare tones to more closely resemble the girls who idolized her. Amongst these were Cinco De Mayo Barbie, Spanish Barbie, Peruvian Barbie, Mexican Barbie and Puerto Rican Barbie. She too has had shut Hispanic friends, such as Teresa.[58]

More recently, Professor Emilie Rose Aguilo-Perez has argued that over time, Mattel shifted from ambiguous Hispanic presentations in their dolls to one that is more believing in its "Latinx" marketing and product labeling.[59]

"Colored Francie" made her debut in 1967, and she is sometimes described as the outset African American Barbie doll. However, she was produced using the existing caput molds for the white Francie doll and lacked African characteristics other than a dark skin. The first African American doll in the Barbie range is normally regarded as Christie, who fabricated her debut in 1968.[sixty] [61] Black Barbie was launched in 1980 just yet had Caucasian features. In 1990, Mattel created a focus group with African American children and parents, early babyhood specialists, and clinical psychologist, Darlene Powell Hudson. Instead of using the same molds for the Caucasian Barbies, new ones were created. In addition, facial features, pare tones, hair texture, and names were all altered. The body shapes looked different, simply the proportions were the same to ensure vesture and accessories were interchangeable.[62] In September 2009, Mattel introduced the And then In Manner range, which was intended to create a more realistic depiction of African American people than previous dolls.[63] In 2016, Mattel expanded this line to include 7 skin tones, twenty-two heart colors, and 20-four hairstyles. Function of the reason for this change was due to failing sales.[64]

Mattel teamed upward with Nabisco to launch a cross-promotion of Barbie with Oreo cookies. Oreo Fun Barbie was marketed every bit someone with whom young girls could play subsequently class and share "America's favorite cookie". Equally had become the custom, Mattel manufactured both a white and a blackness version. Critics argued that in the African American community, Oreo is a derogatory term meaning that the person is "black on the exterior and white on the inside", similar the chocolate sandwich cookie itself. The doll was unsuccessful and Mattel recalled the unsold stock, making information technology sought after past collectors.[65]

In May 1997, Mattel introduced Share a Smiling Becky, a doll in a pink wheelchair. Kjersti Johnson, a 17-twelvemonth-old high school educatee in Tacoma, Washington with cerebral palsy, pointed out that the doll would not fit into the elevator of Barbie's $100 Dream House. Mattel announced that it would redesign the house in the hereafter to accommodate the doll.[66] [67]

In 2010, Barbie has too been criticized for a children's volume called Barbie: I Can Exist A Computer Engineer, which portrayed Barbie as a game designer who was not technically sophisticated and needed boys' help to do game programming. The company and then promptly responded to criticism on gender role stereotypes by redesigning a "Estimator Engineer Barbie" who was a game programmer rather than designer.[68]

Since 1980, when Mattel introduced the first Black Barbie, the make now offers over 22 pare tones, 94 hair colors, xiii center colors and five body types.[5]

Bad influence concerns

In July 1992, Mattel released Teen Talk Barbie, which spoke a number of phrases including "Will nosotros ever have enough apparel?", "I dearest shopping!", and "Wanna have a pizza party?" Each doll was programmed to say four out of 270 possible phrases, so that no two given dolls were likely to be the same (the number of possible combinations is 270!/(266!4!) = 216,546,345). 1 of these 270 phrases was "Math class is tough!", which led to criticism from the American Association of University Women; nearly i.v% of all the dolls sold said the phrase. In October 1992, Mattel announced that Teen Talk Barbie would no longer say "Math class is tough!", and offered a bandy to anyone who owned a doll that did.[69]

In 2002, Mattel introduced a line of pregnant Midge (and infant) dolls, merely this Happy Family line was apace pulled from the market due to complaints that she promoted teen pregnancy, though past that time, Barbie's friend Midge was supposed to exist a married adult.[70]

In September 2003, the Middle Eastern country of Saudi Arabia outlawed the sale of Barbie dolls and franchises, stating that they did not conform to the ideals of Islam. The Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice warned, "Jewish Barbie dolls, with their revealing clothes and shameful postures, accessories and tools are a symbol of decadence to the perverted West. Let us beware of her dangers and be careful."[71] The 2003 Saudi ban was temporary.[72] In Muslim-majority nations, at that place is an culling doll called Fulla, which was introduced in November 2003 and is equivalent to Barbie, just is designed specifically to represent traditional Islamic values. Fulla is not manufactured past Mattel (although Mattel still licenses Fulla dolls and franchises for sale in certain markets), and (as of January 2021) the "Jewish" Barbie make is all the same available in other Muslim-majority countries including Egypt and Indonesia.[73] In Iran, the Sara and Dara dolls, which were introduced in March 2002, are available equally an alternative to Barbie, even though they accept not been as successful.[74]

In November 2014, Mattel received criticism over the volume I Can Be a Computer Engineer, which depicted Barbie every bit existence inept at computers and requiring that her two male friends complete all of the necessary tasks to restore two laptops after she accidentally infects her and her sister's laptop with a malware-laced USB flash bulldoze.[75] Critics complained that the book was sexist, equally other books in the I Can Be... series depicted Barbie equally someone who was competent in those jobs and did not crave exterior assistance from others.[76] Mattel subsequently removed the book from sale on Amazon in response to the criticism.[77]

Safety concerns

In March 2000, stories appeared in the media claiming that the difficult vinyl used in vintage Barbie dolls could leak toxic chemicals, causing danger to children playing with them. The claim was described as an overreaction by Joseph Prohaska, a professor at the University of Minnesota Duluth. A modernistic Barbie doll has a body made from ABS plastic, while the caput is made from soft PVC.[78] [79]

In July 2010, Mattel released "Barbie Video Daughter", a Barbie doll with a pinhole video camera in its chest, enabling clips of upwardly to 30 minutes to be recorded, viewed, and uploaded to a computer via a USB cablevision. On November 30, 2010, the FBI issued a alert in a private memo that the doll could be used to produce child pornography, although it stated publicly that at that place was "no reported show that the doll had been used in whatsoever manner other than intended."[80] [81]

In March 2015, concerns were raised about a version of the doll called "How-do-you-do Barbie", which tin can agree conversations with a kid using speech recognition technology. The doll transmits data back to a service called ToyTalk, which according to Forbes, has a terms of service and privacy policy that permit it to "share audio recordings with third party vendors who help united states with speech recognition", and states that "recordings and photos may also be used for inquiry and development purposes, such as to improve oral communication recognition engineering and artificial intelligence algorithms and create better amusement experiences."[82]

"Role model Barbies"

In March 2018, in time for International Women's Day, Mattel unveiled the "Barbie Celebrates Role Models" campaign with a line of 17 dolls, informally known as "sheroes", from diverse backgrounds "to showcase examples of extraordinary women".[83] [84] Mattel developed this collection in response to mothers concerned about their daughters having positive female office models.[83] Dolls in this collection include Frida Kahlo, Patti Jenkins, Chloe Kim, Nicola Adams, Ibtihaj Muhammad, Bindi Irwin, Amelia Earhart, Misty Copeland, Helene Darroze, Katherine Johnson, Sara Gama, Martyna Wojciechowska, Gabby Douglas, Guan Xiaotong, Ava Duvernay, Yuan Yuan Tan, Iris Apfel, Ashley Graham and Leyla Piedayesh.[83] In 2020, the company appear a new release of "shero" dolls, including Paralympic champion Madison de Rozario.[85] In July 2021, Mattel released a Naomi Osaka Barbie doll as a part of the 'Barbie Role Model' serial. Osaka originally partnered with Barbie two years earlier.[86] A month earlier, a Julie Bishop doll was released to acknowledge the former Australian political leader,[87] as was i for general practitioner Kirby White for her work during the COVID-xix pandemic in Australia.[88]

Collecting

Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. 90 percentage are women, at an average historic period of xl, purchasing more twenty Barbie dolls each yr. Forty-five per centum of them spend upwards of $1000 a year. Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at auction, and while the original Barbie was sold for $iii.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on eBay in October 2004.[89] On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll gear up a world record at auction of £9,000 sterling (U.s.$17,000) at Christie'south in London. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was role of a private drove of 4,000 Barbie dolls existence sold past two Dutch women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.[90]

In recent years, Mattel has sold a broad range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including porcelain versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from film and television set series such equally The Munsters and Star Trek.[91] [92] There are too collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.[93] In 2004, Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls including pink, silver, gold, and platinum, depending on how many of the dolls are produced.[94] In 2020, Mattel introduced the Dia De Los Muertos collectible Barbie doll, the second collectible released as role of the company's La Catrina line which was launched in 2019.[95]

Parodies and lawsuits

Barbie has oftentimes been the target of parody:

  • Mattel sued creative person Tom Forsythe over a series of photographs called Nutrient Chain Barbie in which Barbie winds upward in a blender.[96] [97] [98] Mattel lost the lawsuit and was forced to pay Forsythe's legal costs.[96]
  • In Latin America, notable controversies include a 2018 legal dispute involving the Panama-based Frida Kahlo Corporation'south allegations that Frida Kahlo's bang-up-niece in Mexico had wrongly licensed the Frida Kahlo trademark for the "Frida Kahlo Barbie" doll.[99]
  • Mattel filed a lawsuit in 2004 in the U.S. against Barbara Anderson-Walley, a Canadian business owner whose nickname is Barbie, over her website, which sells fetish wearable.[100] [101] The lawsuit was dismissed.[96]
  • In 2011, Greenpeace parodied Barbie,[102] calling on Mattel to prefer a policy for its paper purchases that would protect the rainforest. Four months later, Mattel adopted a paper sustainability policy.[103]
  • The Tonight Show with Jay Leno displayed a "Barbie Crystal Meth Lab".[ commendation needed ]
  • Sabbatum Night Live aired a parody of the Barbie commercials featuring "Gangsta Bitch Barbie" and "Tupac Ken".[104] In 2002, the testify too aired a skit, which starred Britney Spears as Barbie's sister Skipper.[105]
  • In November 2002, a New York judge refused an injunction against the British-based artist Susanne Pitt, who had produced a "Dungeon Barbie" doll in bondage clothing.[106]
  • Aqua's song "Barbie Girl" was the subject area of the lawsuit Mattel v. MCA Records, which Mattel lost in 2002, with Estimate Alex Kozinski saying that the vocal was a "parody and a social commentary".[107] [108]
  • Two commercials by automobile company Nissan featuring dolls like to Barbie and Ken was the subject of another lawsuit in 1997. In the starting time commercial, a female doll is lured into a car by a doll resembling K.I. Joe to the dismay of a Ken-like doll, accompanied by Van Halen's "You Really Got Me".[109] In the 2nd commercial, the "Barbie" doll is saved by the "G.I. Joe" doll after she is accidentally knocked into a pond pool by the "Ken" doll to Kiss's "Dr. Beloved".[110] The makers of the commercial said that the dolls' names were Roxanne, Nick and Tad. Mattel claimed that the commercial did "irreparable impairment" to its products,[111] [112] only settled.[113]
  • In 1999, Canadian nude model Barbie Doll Benson was involved in a trademark infringement case over her domain proper noun, BarbieBenson.com.[114]
  • In 1993, a group calling itself the Barbie Liberation Organization secretly modified a grouping of Barbie dolls by implanting voice boxes from G.I. Joe dolls, and so returning the Barbies to the toy stores from where they were purchased.[115] [116]
  • Malibu Stacy from The Simpsons episode "Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy" (1994).
  • Savior Barbie refers to a satirical Instagram business relationship. Savior Barbie is depicted every bit beingness in Africa where she runs an NGO that provides drinking h2o to locals and makes sure to provide footage that depicts her glorious acts of goodness. The account is likely to accept inspired others such as "Hipster Barbie" and "Socality Barbie".[117] [118]

Contest from Bratz dolls

In June 2001, MGA Entertainment launched the Bratz series of dolls, a move that gave Barbie her first serious contest in the manner doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the Britain, although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes, and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.[119] In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen past 30% in the United States, and by 18% worldwide, with much of the driblet being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.[120]

In December 2006, Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $ane billion, alleging that Bratz creator Carter Bryant was working for Mattel when he developed the thought for Bratz.[121] On July 17, 2008, a federal jury agreed that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel and that MGA and its primary executive officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel holding for their ain utilize and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.[122] On August 26, the jury found that Mattel would have to be paid $100 1000000 in amercement. On December 3, 2008, U.Due south. Commune Estimate Stephen Larson banned MGA from selling Bratz. He allowed the company to continue selling the dolls until the winter holiday flavor ended.[123] [124] On appeal, a stay was granted by the U.Southward. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Excursion; the Court also overturned the District Court's original ruling for Mattel, where MGA Entertainment was ordered to forfeit the entire Bratz brand.[125] [126]

Mattel Inc. and MGA Entertainment Inc. returned to court on January 18, 2011, to renew their battle over who owns Bratz, which this time includes accusations from both companies that the other side stole trade secrets.[127] On April 21, 2011, a federal jury returned a verdict supporting MGA.[128] On August 5, 2011, Mattel was too ordered to pay MGA $310 million for attorney fees, stealing trade secrets, and simulated claims rather than the $88.5 one thousand thousand issued in April.[129]

In Baronial 2009, MGA introduced a range of dolls called Moxie Girlz, intended as a replacement for Bratz dolls.[130]

"Barbie syndrome"

"Barbie syndrome" is a term that has been used to depict the desire to accept a concrete appearance and lifestyle representative of the Barbie doll. It is most frequently associated with pre-teenage and adolescent females just is applicable to whatsoever age group or gender. A person with Barbie syndrome attempts to emulate the doll's physical advent, even though the doll has unattainable body proportions.[131] This syndrome is seen every bit a form of body dysmorphic disorder and results in various eating disorders as well equally an obsession with corrective surgery.[132]

Ukrainian model Valeria Lukyanova has received attention from the press, due in part to her appearance having been modified based on the physique of Barbie.[133] [134] She stated that she has merely had breast implants and relies heavily on make upward and contacts to alter her appearance.[135] Similarly, Lacey Wildd, an American reality television personality frequently referred to as "Million Dollar Barbie" has besides undergone 12 breast augmentation surgeries to go "the extreme Barbie".[136]

Jessica Alves, prior to coming out every bit transgender, underwent over £373,000 worth of corrective procedures to match the appearance of Barbie's male analogue, garnering her the nickname the "Man Ken Doll". These procedures have included multiple nose jobs, half-dozen pack ab implants, a buttock lift, and hair and breast implants.[135] Sporting the aforementioned nickname, Justin Jedlica, the American businessman, has also received multiple cosmetic surgeries to enhance his Ken-like appearance.

In 2006, researchers Helga Dittmar, Emma Halliwell, and Suzanne Ive conducted an experiment testing how dolls, including Barbie, touch self-prototype in young girls. Dittmar, Halliwell, and Ive gave flick books to girls historic period 5–viii, one with photos of Barbie and the other with photos of Emme, a doll with more realistic physical features. The girls were and so asked about their ideal torso size. Their research institute that the girls who were exposed to the images of Barbie had significantly lower self-esteem than the girls who had photos of Emme.[137]

Run into also

  • Creatable World
  • Kitty Black Perkins
  • Lammily - a crowd funded alternative developed by Nickolay Lamm
  • My Scene
  • Sindy
  • Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story
  • The Most Popular Girls in Schoolhouse
  • Totally Hair Barbie

References

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Farther reading

  • Best, Joel. "Too Much Fun: Toys as Social Problems and the Estimation of Civilisation", Symbolic Interaction 21#2 (1998), pp. 197–212. DOI: 10.1525/si.1998.21.2.197 in JSTOR
  • BillyBoy* (1987). Barbie: Her Life & Times. Crown. ISBN978-0-517-59063-8.
  • Cox, Don Richard. "Barbie and her playmates." Periodical of Popular Culture eleven#two (1977): 303–307.
  • Forman-Brunell, Miriam. "Barbie in" LIFE": The Life of Barbie." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 2#three (2009): 303-311. online
  • Gerber, Robin (2009). Barbie and Ruth: The Story of the Globe's Almost Famous Doll and the Woman Who Created Her. Collins Business. ISBN978-0-06-134131-one.
  • Karniol, Rachel, Tamara Stuemler‐Cohen, and Yael Lahav‐Gur. "Who Likes Bratz? The Bear upon of Girls' Age and Gender Role Orientation on Preferences for Barbie Versus Bratz." Psychology & Marketing 29#11 (2012): 897-906.
  • Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
  • Lord, G. K. (2004). Forever Barbie: the unauthorized biography of a existent doll. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN978-0-8027-7694-5.
  • Plumb, Suzie, ed. (2005). Guys 'n' Dolls: Art, Science, Fashion and Relationships. Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery & Museums. ISBN0-948723-57-2.
  • Rogers, Mary Ann (1999). Barbie culture. London: SAGE Publications. ISBN0-7619-5888-half dozen.
  • Sherman, Aurora M., and Eileen L. Zurbriggen. "'Boys can be annihilation': Effect of Barbie play on girls' career cognitions." Sex roles 70.5-vi (2014): 195-208. online
  • Singleton, Bridget (2000). The Fine art of Barbie. London: Vision On. ISBN0-9537479-2-1.
  • Weissman, Kristin Noelle. Barbie: The Icon, the Image, the Ideal: An Analytical Interpretation of the Barbie Doll in Popular Culture (1999).
  • Wepman, Dennis. "Handler, Ruth" American National Biography (2000) online

External links

  • Official website (redirects to the site under Mattel.com)
  • play.barbie.com (the former Barbie.com; only for games and DIY activities.)
  • St. Petersburg Times Floridian: "The doll that has everything – almost", an article by Susan Taylor Martin about the "Muslim Barbie"
  • USA Today: Barbie at number 43 on the list of The 101 About Influential People Who Never Lived
  • The Telegraph: Doll power: Barbie celebrates 50th anniversary and toy world potency
  • NPR Audio Study: Pretty, Plastic Barbie: Forever What Nosotros Make Her
  • Lawmaker Wants Barbie Banned in West.Va.; Local Residents Quickly React Archived February 27, 2014, at the Wayback Motorcar March three, 2009
  • New York Times: Barbie: Doll, Icon Or Sexist Symbol? Dec 23, 1987
  • Barbie'southward 50th – slideshow by The Offset Mail service
  • BBC News: Mattel shuts flagship Shanghai Barbie concept store March vii, 2011
  • BBC News 1: Making Cindy into Barbie? - BBC News, HEALTH (21 September 1998)
  • CBS News: Becoming Barbie: Living Dolls, Real Life Couple Are Models Of Plastic Perfection - by Rebecca Leung (Aug. half-dozen, 2004) CBS News
  • Glowka; et al. (2001). "Among the New Words". American Speech. Projection MUSE. 76 (one): 79–96. doi:10.1215/00031283-76-1-79.
  • Anna Hart, Introducing the new, realistic Barbie: 'The thigh gap has officially gone', The Telegraph website, Jan 28, 2016

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie

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